基于物理学的模型已成为流体动力学的主流，用于开发预测模型。近年来，由于数据科学，处理单元，基于神经网络的技术和传感器适应性的快速发展，机器学习为流体社区提供了复兴。到目前为止，在流体动力学中的许多应用中，机器学习方法主要集中在标准过程上，该过程需要将培训数据集中在指定机器或数据中心上。在这封信中，我们提出了一种联合机器学习方法，该方法使本地化客户能够协作学习一个汇总和共享的预测模型，同时将所有培训数据保留在每个边缘设备上。我们证明了这种分散学习方法的可行性和前景，并努力为重建时空领域建立深度学习的替代模型。我们的结果表明，联合机器学习可能是设计与流体动力学相关的高度准确预测分散的数字双胞胎的可行工具。

A popular approach to creating a zero-shot cross-language retrieval model is to substitute a monolingual pretrained language model in the retrieval model with a multilingual pretrained language model such as Multilingual BERT. This multilingual model is fined-tuned to the retrieval task with monolingual data such as English MS MARCO using the same training recipe as the monolingual retrieval model used. However, such transferred models suffer from mismatches in the languages of the input text during training and inference. In this work, we propose transferring monolingual retrieval models using adapters, a parameter-efficient component for a transformer network. By adding adapters pretrained on language tasks for a specific language with task-specific adapters, prior work has shown that the adapter-enhanced models perform better than fine-tuning the entire model when transferring across languages in various NLP tasks. By constructing dense retrieval models with adapters, we show that models trained with monolingual data are more effective than fine-tuning the entire model when transferring to a Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) setting. However, we found that the prior suggestion of replacing the language adapters to match the target language at inference time is suboptimal for dense retrieval models. We provide an in-depth analysis of this discrepancy between other cross-language NLP tasks and CLIR.

Negotiation is one of the crucial abilities in human communication, and there has been a resurgent research interest in negotiation dialogue systems recently, which goal is to empower intelligent agents with such ability that can efficiently help humans resolve conflicts or reach beneficial agreements. Although there have been many explorations in negotiation dialogue systems, a systematic review of this task has to date remained notably absent. To this end, we aim to fill this gap by reviewing contemporary studies in the emerging field of negotiation dialogue systems, covering benchmarks, evaluations, and methodologies. Furthermore, we also discuss potential future directions, including multi-modal, multi-party, and cross-cultural negotiation scenarios. Our goal is to provide the community with a systematic overview of negotiation dialogue systems and to inspire future research.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Real engineering and scientific applications often involve one or more qualitative inputs. Standard Gaussian processes (GPs), however, cannot directly accommodate qualitative inputs. The recently introduced latent variable Gaussian process (LVGP) overcomes this issue by first mapping each qualitative factor to underlying latent variables (LVs), and then uses any standard GP covariance function over these LVs. The LVs are estimated similarly to the other GP hyperparameters through maximum likelihood estimation, and then plugged into the prediction expressions. However, this plug-in approach will not account for uncertainty in estimation of the LVs, which can be significant especially with limited training data. In this work, we develop a fully Bayesian approach for the LVGP model and for visualizing the effects of the qualitative inputs via their LVs. We also develop approximations for scaling up LVGPs and fully Bayesian inference for the LVGP hyperparameters. We conduct numerical studies comparing plug-in inference against fully Bayesian inference over a few engineering models and material design applications. In contrast to previous studies on standard GP modeling that have largely concluded that a fully Bayesian treatment offers limited improvements, our results show that for LVGP modeling it offers significant improvements in prediction accuracy and uncertainty quantification over the plug-in approach.

近年来，自动对色素，非色素和脱发的非胸膜皮肤病变的分类引起了很多关注。但是，皮肤纹理，病变形状，脱位对比度，照明条件等的成像变化。阻碍了鲁棒的特征提取，从而影响分类精度。在本文中，我们提出了一个新的深神经网络，该网络利用输入数据进行鲁棒特征提取。具体而言，我们分析了卷积网络的行为（视野），以找到深度监督的位置，以改善特征提取。为了实现这一目标，首先，我们执行激活映射以生成对象掩码，突出显示对分类输出生成最重要的输入区域。然后，选择层的有效接收场的网络层与对象掩模中的近似对象形状相匹配，以作为我们进行深度监督的焦点。利用三个黑色素瘤检测数据集和两个白癜风检测数据集上的不同类型的卷积特征提取器和分类器，我们验证了新方法的有效性。

在这个大数据时代，当前一代很难从在线平台中包含的大量数据中找到正确的数据。在这种情况下，需要一个信息过滤系统，可以帮助他们找到所需的信息。近年来，出现了一个称为推荐系统的研究领域。推荐人变得重要，因为他们拥有许多现实生活应用。本文回顾了推荐系统在电子商务，电子商务，电子资源，电子政务，电子学习和电子生活中的不同技术和发展。通过分析有关该主题的最新工作，我们将能够详细概述当前的发展，并确定建议系统中的现有困难。最终结果为从业者和研究人员提供了对建议系统及其应用的必要指导和见解。

由于组织和骨骼之间的相似性，在人解剖结构中广泛看到了全球相关性。由于近距离质子密度和T1/T2参数，这些相关性反映在磁共振成像（MRI）扫描中。此外，为了实现加速的MRI，k空间数据的采样不足，从而导致全球混叠伪像。卷积神经网络（CNN）模型被广泛用于加速MRI重建，但是由于卷积操作的固有位置，这些模型在捕获全球相关性方面受到限制。基于自发的变压器模型能够捕获图像特征之间的全局相关性，但是，变压器模型对MRI重建的当前贡献是微小的。现有的贡献主要提供CNN转换器混合解决方案，并且很少利用MRI的物理学。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于物理的独立（无卷积）变压器模型，标题为“多头级联SWIN变压器（MCSTRA），用于加速MRI重建。 MCSTRA将几种相互关联的MRI物理相关概念与变压器网络相结合：它通过移动的窗口自我发场机制利用了全局MR特征；它使用多头设置分别提取属于不同光谱组件的MR特征；它通过级联的网络在中间脱氧和K空间校正之间进行迭代，该网络具有K空间和中间损耗计算中的数据一致性；此外，我们提出了一种新型的位置嵌入生成机制，以使用对应于底面采样掩码的点扩散函数来指导自我发作。我们的模型在视觉上和定量上都大大优于最先进的MRI重建方法，同时描述了改善的分辨率和去除词法。

在查询图像中检索与感兴趣的对象（OOI）在语义上相似的对象具有许多实际用例。一些示例包括修复失败，例如虚假的负面因素/阳性模型或减轻数据集中的类不平衡。有针对性的选择任务需要从大规模的未标记数据池中找到相关数据。在此规模上进行手动开采是不可行的。此外，OOI通常很小，占据图像区域的1％不到1％，被遮挡，并且在混乱的场景中与许多语义上不同的物体共存。现有的语义图像检索方法通常集中在较大尺寸的地理地标的采矿和/或需要额外的标记数据，例如带有相似对象的图像/图像对，用于带有通用对象的挖掘图像。我们在DNN功能空间中提出了一个匹配算法的快速稳固的模板，该模板从一个大的未标记数据池中检索了对象级的语义相似图像。我们将查询图像中OOI周围的区域投射到DNN功能空间以用作模板。这使我们的方法能够专注于OOI的语义，而无需额外的标记数据。在自主驾驶的背景下，我们通过将对象探测器的故障案例作为OOI评估我们的系统进行靶向选择。我们证明了其在具有2.2m图像的大型未标记数据集上的功效，并在采矿中显示出对具有小型OOI的图像的高回忆。我们将我们的方法与众所周知的语义图像检索方法进行比较，该方法也不需要额外的标记数据。最后，我们证明我们的方法是灵活的，并以一种或多种语义上不同的同时发生的OOI无缝地检索图像。